Taber's Medical Dictionary
gland
(gland)
[L. glans, stem gland-, acorn]
1. An epithelial tissue that is specialized for the manufacture and export of particular molecules. Glands can be unicellular or multicellular. The multicellular glands are classified according to their architectures, i.e., ducted or ductless. The cells of ductless glands secrete specific molecules into the adjacent interstitial space (paracrine glands) or into the bloodstream (endocrine glands). The cells of ducted glands (exocrine glands) secrete into a cylindrical sac (tubular glands) or into a flask-shaped sac (alveolar glands). The ducted glands are further divided into those in which there is only a single sac (simple tubular glands or simple alveolar glands) and those in which the sacs are connected by branching ducts (branched or compound glands). Glands can also be classified according to the secretory mechanisms of their cells. The most common secretory mechanism is merocrine, in which secretion-filled intracellular vesicles release their contents by fusing with the cell membrane. Other secretory mechanisms include holocrine (in which the gland cell membrane disintegrates to release its secretion), apocrine (in which the ends of the gland cells pinch off, carrying the secretion), and direct active transport of particular molecules across the gland cell membrane. Gland cells and their intertwined vascular beds can be controlled by autonomic innervation and by hormones from other glands.
2. A lymph node.
accessory gland
1. An additional (usually smaller) gland that secretes the same substances as a primary gland.
2. A gland secreting substances that enhance the function of another gland or organ. In the male reproductive tract, for example, the prostate, which secretes fluids that improve the viability of sperm, is an accessory gland to the testis.
acinar gland
SEE: Alveolar gland.
acinotubular gland
A gland structurally midway between an alveolar and a tubular gland.
acinous gland
SEE: Alveolar gland.
adrenal gland
Either of two lobulated glands atop the superior pole of each kidney.
SYN: SEE: suprarenal gland
ADRENAL GLANDS
EMBRYOLOGY
Each adrenal gland is a two-part organ composed of an outer cortex and an inner medulla. The cortex arises in the embryo from a region of the mesoderm that also gives rise to the gonads. The medulla arises from ectoderm, which also gives rise to the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
ANATOMY
The entire gland is enclosed in a capsule of tough connective tissue from which trabeculae extend into the cortex. The cortex consists of cells arranged into three zones: the outer zona glomerulosa, the middle zona fasciculata, and the inner zona reticularis. The cells are arranged in cords. The medulla consists of chromaffin cells arranged in groups or in anastomosing cords. The two adrenal glands are retroperitoneal, each embedded in perirenal fat above its respective kidney. In an adult, the average weight of an adrenal gland is 5 g (range between 4 and 14 g).
PHYSIOLOGY
The adrenal medulla synthesizes and stores three catecholamines: dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. The chief effects of dopamine are the dilation of systemic arteries, increased cardiac output, and increased flow of blood to the kidneys. The primary action of norepinephrine is constriction of the arterioles and venules, resulting in increased resistance to blood flow, elevated blood pressure, and slowing of the heart.
The adrenal medulla is controlled by the SNS system and functions in conjunction with it. It is intimately related to adjustments of the body in response to stress and emotional changes. Anticipatory states tend to bring about the release of norepinephrine. More intense emotional reactions, esp. those in response to extreme stress, tend to increase the secretion of both norepinephrine and epinephrine; epinephrine is important in mobilizing the physiological changes that occur in the “fight or flight” response to emergency situations.
The cortex synthesizes three groups of steroid hormones from cholesterol. These are 1) glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone), which regulate the metabolism of organic nutrients and have an anti-inflammatory effect; 2) mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone), which affect metabolism of the electrolytes sodium and potassium; and 3) androgens and estrogens (estradiol), which contribute to body changes at puberty.
SEE: aldosterone; SEE: cortisol; SEE: steroid
PATHOLOGY
Hypersecretion of adrenal cortical hormones results in Cushing syndrome. Hypersecretion of aldosterone results in aldosteronism (a surgically correctable form of hypertension). Adrenocortical insufficiency may be acute or chronic: acute insufficiency of adrenal hormones produces circulatory shock; chronic insufficiency results in Addison's disease.
SEE: Addison's disease; SEE: aldosteronism; SEE: Cushing syndrome; SEE: pheochromocytoma
albuminous gland
Any of the glands secreting a fluid containing albumin.
SEE: serous gland
alveolar gland
A multicellular gland in which the cells secrete specific molecules into an oval or flask-shaped sac.
SYN: SEE: acinar gland; SEE: acinous gland
anal gland
Any of the sebaceous glands found within the wall of the anal canal that open into anal crypts via anal ducts.
SYN: SEE: circumanal gland
apocrine gland
Any of the glands, e.g., the mammary glands, whose cells lose some of their cytoplasmic contents in the formation of secretion.
apocrine sweat gland
Any of the sweat glands in the axillae and pubic region that open into hair follicles and not directly onto the surface of the skin as do eccrine sweat glands. They appear after puberty and are more developed in women than in men. The characteristic odor of perspiration is produced by the action of bacteria on the material secreted by the apocrine sweat glands.
SEE: sweat gland
areolar gland
Any of the sebaceous glands in the areola surrounding the nipple of the female breast.
SYN: SEE: Montgomery gland
Bartholin glands
Blandin glands
SEE: Blandin glands
Bowman gland
SEE: Bowman, Sir William
brachial gland
Any of the lymph nodes in the arm and forearm.
bronchial gland
Any of the mixed glands lying in the submucosa of the bronchi and bronchial tubes.
Brunner glands
SEE: Brunner glands
buccal gland
Any of the alveolar glands in the mucosa of the cheek.
bulbourethral gland
SEE: Cowper gland.
cardiac gland
A gastric gland in the cardiac region of the stomach.
carotid gland
SEE: Carotid body
ceruminous gland
Any of the glands in the external auditory canal that secrete cerumen.
cervical gland
Any of the lymph nodes in the neck.
circumanal gland
SEE: Anal gland.
coccygeal gland
SEE: Luschka gland
SEE: Luschka, Hubert von
compound gland
A multicellular gland containing branching ducts.
compound tubular gland
A gland composed of numerous tubules leading to a lone duct.
conglobate gland
SEE: Llymph node
Cowper gland
SEE: Cowper gland
cutaneous gland
Any of the glands of the skin, esp. the sebaceous and sudoriferous glands. These include modified forms such as the ciliary, ceruminous, anal, preputial, areolar, and meibomian glands.
ductless gland
A gland with cells that secrete specific molecules into the adjacent interstitial space (paracrine glands) or into the bloodstream (endocrine glands).
duodenal gland
SEE: Brunner glands
Ebner glands
SEE: Ebner glands
eccrine gland
A simple tubular sweat gland of the skin.
SEE: apocrine gland; SEE: eccrine sweat gland
eccrine sweat gland
Any of the skin glands that regulate body heat by secreting sweat. The number of glands ranges from 2 million to 5 million. There are over 400 per square centimeter on the palms and about 80 per square centimeter on the thighs.
SEE: sweat gland for illus
endocrine gland
One of two broad categories of glands, the exocrine glands being the complementary category. Endocrine glands, e.g., the thyroid gland, are ductless glands that secrete macromolecules, called hormones, directly into the bloodstream, and such glands are richly supplied by blood capillaries. The endocrine glands include the suprarenals, parathyroids, pineal, pituitary, and the thyroid. Major clusters of endocrine tissue are also found in the gastrointestinal tract, hypothalamus, ovaries, pancreas, testes, and the placenta. In addition, chromaffin and other neuroendocrine cells are found individually and in small clusters throughout the body. SEE: exocrine gland;
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ; SEE TABLE: Principal Endocrine Glands
The hormones produced by endocrine cells regulate the body's salt, water, mineral, and glucose levels; they adjust the body's metabolic balances, growth rates, and reproductive cycles; and they maintain the body's stress responses. Like exocrine and paracrine cells, endocrine cells are stimulated and inhibited by the autonomic nervous system; the activities of endocrine cells are also modulated by circulating hormones, esp. pituitary hormones. Both the neural and the hormonal signals to the endocrine system are ultimately regulated by the hypothalamus of the brain, which is the integration center for the body's visceral homeostasis.
SEE: hormone
Endocrine health disorders usually result from the production of either too much or too little of a hormone.
Principal Endocrine Glands
| Name | Position | Function | Endocrine Disorders |
| Adrenal cortex | Outer portion of gland on top of each kidney | Cortisol regulates carbohydrate and fat metabolism; aldosterone regulates salt and water balance | Hypofunction: Addison's disease |
| Hyperfunction: Adrenogenital syndrome; Cushing syndrome | |||
| Adrenal medulla | Inner portion of adrenal gland; surrounded by adrenal cortex | Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine mimic those of sympathetic nervous system; increases carbohydrate use for energy | Hypofunction: Almost unknown |
| Hyperfunction: Pheochromocytoma | |||
| Pancreas (endocrine portion) | Abdominal cavity; head adjacent to duodenum; tail close to spleen and kidney | Secretes insulin and glucagon, which regulate carbohydrate metabolism | Hypofunction: Diabetes mellitus |
| Hyperfunction: If a tumor produces excess insulin, hypoglycemia | |||
| Parathyroid | Four or more small glands on back of thyroid | Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism; indirectly affects muscular irritability | Hypofunction: Hypocalcemia; tetany |
| Hyperfunction: Hypercalcemia; resorption of bone; kidney stones; nausea; vomiting; altered mental status | |||
| Pituitary, anterior | Front portion of small gland below hypothalamus | Influences growth, sexual development, skin pigmentation, thyroid function, adrenocortical function through effects on other endocrine glands (except for growth hormone, which acts directly on cells) | Hypofunction: Dwarfism in child; decrease in all other endocrine gland functions except parathyroids |
| Hyperfunction: Acromegaly in adult; giantism in child | |||
| Pituitary, posterior | Back portion of small gland below hypothalamus | Oxytocin increases uterine contraction | Hypofunction: Diabetes insipidus |
| Antidiuretic hormone increases absorption of water by kidney tubule | Hyperfunction: Unknown | ||
| Testes and ovaries | Testes—in the scrotum | Testosterone and estrogen regulate sexual maturation and development of secondary sex characteristics; some effects on growth | Hypofunction: Lack of sex development or regression in adult |
| Ovaries—in the pelvic cavity | Hyperfunction: Abnormal sex development | ||
| Thyroid | Two lobes in anterior portion of neck | Thyroxine and T3 increase metabolic rate; influence growth and maturation; calcitonin regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism | Hypofunction: Cretinism in young; myxedema in adult; goiter |
| Hyperfunction: Goiter; thyrotoxicosis |
esophageal gland
Any of the small scattered mucus-secreting exocrine glands in the submucosa of the esophagus.
exocrine gland
One of two broad categories of glands, the endocrine glands being the complementary category. Exocrine glands, e.g., the salivary glands, secrete specific molecules either onto the outer surface of the body or into a duct that empties onto surfaces that connect to the outer surface of the body. Most exocrine glands are multicellular. Goblet cells are examples of unicellular exocrine glands.
SEE: endocrine gland
fundic gland
A gastric gland in the fundus of the stomach.
gastric gland
Any of the mixed exocrine glands that form the epithelial pockets (pits) in the lining of the stomach. The glands are named for their location, e.g., cardiac glands, fundic glands, pyloric glands. Typically, the neck of the gland secretes mucus; the body of the gland secretes hydrochloric acid; and the base of the gland secretes enzymes and hormones.
SYN: SEE: stomach gland
genital gland
An ovary or a testis.
hepatic gland
Any of the lymph nodes located in front of the portal vein.
holocrine gland
A gland, such as a sebaceous gland of the skin, in which the secretory cells release intracellular macromolecules by disintegration of their cell membranes, after which the cells die.
interscapular gland
SEE: Brown fat.
interstitial gland
SEE: Leydig cell.
intestinal gland
SEE: Lieberkühn crypt.
glands of Krause
SEE: Krause, Karl
labial gland
Any of the alveolar glands of the mucosa of the lips.
lacrimal gland
The gland that secretes tears. It is a tubuloalveolar gland located in the orbit, superior and lateral to the eyeball, and consists of a large superior portion (pars orbitalis) and a smaller inferior portion (pars palpebralis).
lactiferous gland
SEE: Mammary gland.
laryngeal gland
Any of the mixed serous and mucus glands in the submucosa of the laryngeal section of the respiratory tract.
Lieberkühn gland
SEE: Lieberkühn crypt.
lingual gland
Any of the glands of the tongue, including the anterior lingual glands, Ebner glands, and mucous glands at the root of the tongue.
Luschka gland
SEE: Luschka, Hubert von
lymph gland
SEE: Lymph node.
major salivary gland
Any of the six large salivary glands: the two parotids, the two sublinguals, and the two submandibulars.
mammary gland
A compound alveolar gland that secretes milk. In women, this gland is made up of lobes and lobules bound together by areolar tissue. Each of the 15 to 20 main ducts (lactiferous ducts) discharges through a separate orifice on the surface of the nipple. The lactiferous sinuses (dilatations of the ducts) form reservoirs for the milk during lactation.
SYN: SEE: lactiferous gland
meibomian gland
Long thin sebaceous glands aligned in parallel in a single row in the tarsal plates of the eyelids. They open along the inner free margin of the eyelid, and their lipid-rich secretion mixes with aqueous secretions of lacrimal glands to form the tear film that coats the surface of the eye.
SYN: SEE: palpebral gland; SEE: tarsal gland
minor salivary gland
Any of the hundreds of 1- to 2-mm diameter mucus-secreting salivary glands distributed throughout the oral submucosa. These small glands are named by their locations, e.g., buccal salivary glands, lingual glands. Some glands are also known by the name of their original describers, e.g., the von Ebner glands.
mixed gland
1. A gland that secretes in two different fashions, e.g., endocrine and exocrine, such as the pancreas.
2. A gland that contains two different secretory cell types, e.g., mucous and serous cells, as in the salivary glands.
glands of Moll
Small secretory and apocrine glands adjacent to follicles of eyelashes. Their secretions are thought to be antibacterial.
SEE: ciliary gland
Montgomery gland
SEE: Montgomery gland
odoriferous gland
Any of the glands exuding odoriferous materials, e.g., those around the prepuce or anus.
olfactory gland
Any of the glands in the olfactory mucous membranes.
oxyntic gland
Any of the gastric glands found in the fundus and body of the gastric mucosa.
palatine gland
Any of the mucous glands in the tissue of the palate.
palpebral gland
SEE: Meibomian gland.
parathyroid gland
Any of four small endocrine glands about 6 mm long by 3 to 4 mm broad on the back of and at the lower edge of the thyroid gland or embedded within it. These glands secrete parathormone.
ABNORMALITIES
A deficiency of parathormone results in hypoparathyroidism, which results in neuromuscular hyperexcitability manifested by carpopedal spasm, wheezing, muscle cramps, urinary frequency, mood changes, and lassitude. Blood calcium falls and blood phosphorus rises. Other symptoms include blurring of vision caused by cataracts, poorly formed teeth if onset was in childhood, maldevelopment of hair and nails, and dry and scaly skin.
An excess of parathormone results in hyperparathyroidism which results in a rise in blood calcium and fall in blood phosphorus. Calcium is removed from bones, resulting in increased fragility. Muscular weakness, reduced muscular tone, and general neuromuscular hypoexcitability occur. Osteitis fibrosa cystica is associated with hyperplasia and resulting hypersecretion of the parathyroids.
paraurethral gland
SEE: Skene gland
parotid gland
The largest of the salivary glands, located below the ear and inside the ramus of the mandible. It is a compound tubuloalveolar serous gland. Its secreting tubules and acini are long and branched, and it is enclosed in a sheath (parotid fascia). Saliva lubricates food and makes it easier to taste, chew, and swallow.
SEE: mumps
pineal gland
An endocrine gland in the brain, shaped like a pine cone and located in a pocket near the splenium of the corpus callosum. It is the site of melatonin synthesis, which is inhibited by light striking the retina.
SYN: SEE: pineal body;
SEE: melatonin
pituitary gland
A small, gray, rounded gland that develops from ingrown oral epithelium (Rathke pouch) and is attached to the lower surface of the hypothalamus by the infundibular stalk. The Rathke pouch forms the anterior lobe and an intermediate area; the neural tissue of the infundibular stalk forms the posterior lobe. The pituitary gland averages 1.3 × 1.0 × 0.5 cm in size and weighs 0.55 to 0.6 g.
SYN: SEE: hypophysis; SEE: hypophysis cerebri; SEE: pituitary body
PITUITARY GLAND Hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary gland, along with target organs ; SEE: adenohypophysis; SEE: anterior pituitary
FUNCTION
The pituitary is an endocrine gland secreting a number of hormones that regulate many bodily processes including growth, reproduction, and other metabolic activities. It is often referred to as the master gland of the body.
Hormones are secreted from the following lobes: Intermediate lobe: In cold-blooded animals, intermedin is secreted, influencing the activity of pigment cells (chromatophores) of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. In warm-blooded animals, no effects are known.
Anterior lobe: Secretions here are the somatotropic, or growth hormone (STH or GH), which regulates cell division and protein synthesis for growth; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates functional activity of the adrenal cortex; thyrotropic hormone (TTH or TSH), which regulates functional activity of the thyroid gland; and prolactin (lactogenic hormone), which induces secretion of milk in the adult female. The gonadotropic hormones are: in women, the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which stimulates development of ovarian follicles and their secretion of estrogen; in men FSH stimulates spermatogenesis in the testes. In women, luteinizing hormone (LH) (also called interstitial cell-stimulation hormone [ICSH]) stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum and its secretion of estrogen and progesterone. In men, LH stimulates testosterone secretion.
Posterior lobe: Hormones are secreted by the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus and pass through fibers of the supraopticohypophyseal tracts in the infundibular stalk to the neurohypophysis, where they are stored. The secretions are oxytocin, which acts specifically on smooth muscle of the uterus, increasing tone and contractility, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (also called vasopressin), which increases reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules. In large amounts, ADH also causes vasoconstriction.
DISORDERS
Hypersecretion of anterior lobe causes gigantism, acromegaly, and pituitary basophilism (Cushing disease). Hyposecretion of anterior lobe causes dwarfism, pituitary cachexia (Simmonds disease), Sheehan syndrome, acromicria, eunuchoidism, or hypogonadism. Posterior lobe deficiency or hypothalamic lesion causes diabetes insipidus. Anterior and posterior lobe deficiency and hypothalamic lesion cause Fröhlich syndrome (adiposogenital dystrophy) and pituitary obesity.
preputial gland
A modified sebaceous gland located on the distal aspect of the penis, near the glans. The secretion of this gland is a component of smegma.
prostate gland
The gland in the male that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It is partly glandular, with ducts opening into the prostatic portion of the urethra, and partly muscular. It secretes a thin, opalescent, slightly alkaline fluid that forms part of the semen. The prostate consists of a median lobe and two lateral lobes measuring about 2 × 4 × 3 cm and weighing about 20 g; it is enclosed in a fibrous capsule containing smooth muscle fiber in its inner layer. The nerve supply is from the inferior hypogastric plexus.
pyloric gland
A gastric gland in the pyloric region of the stomach.
racemose gland
SEE: Acinar gland.
salivary gland
Any of the glands near the oral cavity that secrete saliva. The major glands are paired and include the parotid, the sublingual, and the submandibular. There are numerous minor salivary glands in the oral cavity, named according to their locations: lingual, sublingual, palatal, buccal, labial, and glossopharyngeal.
SALIVARY GLANDS
Salivary secretion is under nervous control, reflexly initiated by mechanical, chemical, or radiant stimuli acting on taste buds in the mouth, olfactory receptors, or the eyes. Secretion may also be due to conditioned reflexes as when one thinks about food or hears a dinner bell. The nerve supply of the salivary glands is from the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves, which increase secretion, and from the sympathetic nerves, which decrease secretion. The blood supply is from branches of the external carotid artery.
sebaceous gland
An oil-secreting gland of the skin. The glands are simple or branched alveolar glands, most of which open into hair follicles. They are holocrine glands whose secretion arises from the disintegration of cells filling the alveoli. Some aberrant glands are found in the cheeks or lips of the oral cavity.
SEE: Fordyce disease
seromucous gland
A mixed serous and mucous gland.
serous gland
An exocrine gland with a relatively watery secretion, isotonic with blood plasma, and containing enzymes, glycoproteins, lysozymes, and bactericides. Serous glands are most common in the gastrointestinal tract, esp. in the salivary glands.
sex gland
An ovary or a testis.
simple gland
A gland shaped like a single unbranched sac. When the sac is cylindrical, the gland is called simple tubular; when the sac is flask-shaped, the gland is called simple alveolar.
Skene gland
SEE: Skene, Alexander
stomach gland
SEE: Gastric gland.
sublingual gland
The smallest of the major salivary glands, located in the tissue in the floor of the mouth between the tongue and mandible on each side. It is a mixed seromucous gland. Its multiple small ducts open directly into the oral cavity along the sublingual fold. Numerous minor sublingual glands are scattered throughout the mucosa under the tongue, each with its own duct to the oral surface.
submandibular gland
A mixed tubuloalveolar salivary gland about the size of a walnut that lies below the posterior floor of the mouth, medial to the body of the mandible. Its main duct (Wharton duct) opens at the side of the frenulum linguae.
sudoriferous gland
Any of the glands in the skin that secrete perspiration.
SEE: sweat glands for illus
suprarenal gland
SEE: Adrenal gland.
sweat gland
Any of the simple, coiled, tubular glands found on all body surfaces except the margin of the lips, glans penis, and inner surface of the prepuce. The coiled secreting portion lies in the corium or subcutaneous portion of skin; the secretory duct follows a straight or oblique course through the dermis but becomes spiral in passing through the epidermis to its opening, a sweat pore. Most sweat glands are merocrine; those of the axilla, areola, mammary gland, labia majora, and circumanal region are apocrine. Sweat glands are most numerous on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
ECCRINE AND APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS ; SEE: apocrine gland; SEE: eccrine gland
target gland
Any gland affected by the action or secretion of another gland, e.g., the thyroid is a target gland of the pituitary.
tarsal gland
SEE: Meibomian gland.
thymus gland
SEE: thymus
thyroid gland
A large endocrine gland located in the center of the base of the neck. The gland is composed of two lobes, one on each side of the trachea, and an isthmus of tissue connecting the lower two thirds of each lobe. The isthmus is usually located at the level of the second to third tracheal rings. The whole gland is surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule attached in back to the cricoid cartilage and the first few tracheal rings. The lobes of the thyroid lie under the sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles. The thyroid is filled with capillary networks (supplied by the superior and inferior thyroid arteries) that surround the many spherical units (follicles) packed inside the gland. Thyroid follicles consist of a ring of follicular cells surrounding a space filled with a clear colloid (a mixture of thyroglobulin proteins and iodine), from which the thyroid hormones (thyroxine and related molecules) are synthesized. These hormones regulate the rate of cellular metabolism throughout the body. All the steps in synthesizing and releasing thyroid hormones are stimulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. Another class of thyroid cells, the parafollicular or C cells, is found outside the follicles; C cells secrete calcitonin, a calcium-lowering hormone.
THYROID GLAND
tracheal gland
Any of the acinar glands of the tracheal mucosa.
tubular gland
A multicellular gland in which the cells secrete specific molecules into a cylindrical sac.
unicellular gland
A lone secretory epithelial cell, often found in the midst of nonsecretory cells. A common example is the goblet cell, a unicellular mucous-secreting gland found in the columnar epithelium of the intestinal tract.
urethral gland
SEE: Littré gland.
uterine gland
Any of the tubular glands in the endometrium.
vaginal gland
Any of the alveolar glands found in the uppermost portion of the vaginal mucosa near the cervix. Most of the vaginal mucosa is devoid of glands.
vestibular gland
Any of the glands of the vaginal vestibule. They include the minor vestibular glands and the major vestibular glands (Bartholin glands).
von Ebner gland
vulvovaginal gland
Bartholin gland SEE: Bartholin, Caspar (the younger)
glands of Zeis
Small sebaceous glands surrounding the follicles of eyelashes. Their lipid-rich secretions coat the shafts of lashes.
