malnutrition
(mal″noo-tri′shŏn)
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[mal- + nutrition]
Any disease-promoting condition due to either an inadequate or an excessive exposure to nutrients, i.e., undernutrition or overnutrition. Common causes of malnutrition are inadequate calorie consumption; inadequate intake of essential vitamins, minerals, or other micronutrients; improper absorption and distribution of foods within the body; overeating; and intoxication by nutrient excesses. SEE TABLE: Physical Signs of Malnutrition; and names of specific nutritional disorders, e.g., obesity, pellegra, scurvy.
Worldwide, malnutrition is a disease that results typically from inadequate consumption of foods, esp. proteins, iron, and vitamins. In industrialized nations, overnutrition is more common than undernutrition. In the U.S., 50% of the population is considered to be overweight, and 22% have a body mass index greater than 30 kg/m2 and are obese. Undernutrition in Western nations typically results from poverty, alcoholism, chronic illnesses, or extreme dieting.
Physical Signs of Malnutrition
Infants and Children | Adolescents and Adults |
Lack of subcutaneous fat | Nasolabial sebaceous plugs |
Wrinkling of skin on light stroking | Sores at angles of mouth, cheilosis |
Poor muscle tone | Vincent's angina |
Pallor | Minimal changes in tongue color or texture |
Rough skin (toad skin) | Red, swollen lingual papillae |
Hemorrhage of newborn, vitamin K deficiency | Glossitis |
Bad posture | Papillary atrophy of tongue |
Nasal area is red and greasy | Stomatitis |
Sores at angles of mouth, cheilosis | Spongy, bleeding gums |
Rapid heartbeat | Muscle tenderness in extremities |
Red tongue | Poor muscle tone |
Square head, wrists enlarged, rib beading | Loss of vibratory sensation |
Vincent's angina, thrush | Increase or decrease of tendon reflexes |
Serious dental abnormalities | Hyperesthesia of skin |
Corneal and conjunctival changes | Purpura |
Dermatitis: facial butterfly, perineal, scrotal, vulval | |
Thickening and pigmentation of skin over bony prominences | |
Nonspecific vaginities | |
Follicular hyperkeratosis of extensor surfaces of extremities | |
Rachitic chest deformity | |
Anemia not responding to iron | |
Fatigue of visual accommodation | |
Vascularization of cornea | |
Conjunctival changes |
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Citation
Venes, Donald, editor. "Malnutrition." Taber's Medical Dictionary, 24th ed., F.A. Davis Company, 2021. Nursing Central, nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Tabers-Dictionary/764933/all/malnutrition.
Malnutrition. In: Venes DD, ed. Taber's Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company; 2021. https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Tabers-Dictionary/764933/all/malnutrition. Accessed November 7, 2024.
Malnutrition. (2021). In Venes, D. (Ed.), Taber's Medical Dictionary (24th ed.). F.A. Davis Company. https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Tabers-Dictionary/764933/all/malnutrition
Malnutrition [Internet]. In: Venes DD, editors. Taber's Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company; 2021. [cited 2024 November 07]. Available from: https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Tabers-Dictionary/764933/all/malnutrition.
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